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2.3. Rechargeable solid-state and molten salt lithium–air batteries The serious problems of lithium–air batteries with liquid electrolytes are leakage and evaporation of the electrolyte over long operation period of more than 10 years for EVs and stationary use under open air.
3. Key Remaining Challenges: Parasitic Processes In the early years of research, there were many daunting challenges facing lithium–air batteries, (5−8) such as low rate capability, low practical capacity, large voltage hysteresis, Li metal anode dendrite formation, and very poor rechargeability due to parasitic reactions.
These undesired reactions consume lithium and result in a thick passivation layer on the lithium surface, increasing the lithium ion transport resistance and eventually leading to the performance decay and even the failure of the battery.
The overpotentials for the ORR and OER in aqueous lithium–air batteries are considerably lower than those in the non-aqueous lithium–air batteries. Li and Manthiram reported that a Pt/C and IrO 2 composite air electrode reduced the overpotential for the OER in an acid catholyte.
In non-aqueous lithium-air batteries, electrolytes are used to transport lithium ions and oxygen to the reaction sites. Since oxygen could be obtained from ambient air, the practical capacity and energy density depend on the utilization of the lithium anode or the porous air electrode.
In addition, the complicated component of air (e.g., H 2 O, CO 2) markedly hinders the transformation from Li–O 2 to Li–air batteries, which not only changes the reaction mechanism, discharge products, and energy efficiency at the cathode side but also leads to the corrosion of Li metal and safety issues at the anode side.
Thus, the key emerging challenges of Li–air batteries, which are related to the selective filtration of O 2 gas from air and the suppression of undesired reactions with other …
In contrast to the extensive investigation of the cathode (electro)chemistry, in-depth studies of lithium metal anode in nonaqueous lithium–air battery are relatively scarce. In many …
An alternative rechargeable aqueous lithium–air battery was proposed by Visco et al. in 2004 [13], which consisted of a lithium metal anode, a porous cathode, and an …
However, there are numerous scientific and technical challenges that must be overcome if this alluring promise is to turn into reality. The fundamental battery chemistry during discharge is thought to be the …
This paper addresses the safety risks posed by manufacturing defects in lithium-ion batteries, analyzes their classification and associated hazards, and reviews the research …
Premature battery drain, swelling and fires/explosions in lithium-ion batteries have caused wide-scale customer concerns, product recalls, and huge financial losses in a wide range of products ...
A lithium–air battery with a specific energy density of higher than 500 Wh/kg should be developed in a system with a specific areal capacity of higher than 10 mAh cm −2. …
However, there are numerous scientific and technical challenges that must be overcome if this alluring promise is to turn into reality. The fundamental battery chemistry …
Defect engineering on electrode materials is considered an effective approach to improve the electrochemical performance of batteries since the presence of a variety of …
In this case, clearly O 2 and Li + can, perhaps in the presence of some defects, be transported through the previously deposited Li 2 O 2 film, and reach the underlying gold surfaces. ... In …
The development of noninvasive methodology plays an important role in advancing lithium ion battery technology. ... leads and air pockets, but these effects are short …
Lithium-air. A type of metal-air battery that uses lithium as the anode and oxygen as the cathode. Lithium-air has a very high theoretical energy density but faces a lot of …
In the proposed Lithium-ion battery Surface Defect Detection (LSDD) system, an augmented dataset of multi-scale patch samples generated from a small number of lithium-ion …
Various defects can occur during the production of electrodes for LIBs. In the following, the most important defects and typical causes are briefly described. The types of defects addressed include metal contaminations, …
Operating battery cells with defects may lead to lithium plating, degradation of the electrolyte, gas and heat generation, and in worst cases accidents, like fire. Safety is a major issue in the electromobility sector [ 12 ] …
In lithium-air batteries, electrolytes are used to transport lithium ions, dissolve oxygen gas and transport it to the reaction sites (non-aqueous and aqueous electrolytes), and …
Lithium-air batteries have caught worldwide attention due to their extremely high theoretical energy density and are regarded as powerful competitors to replace traditional …
Li–air(O 2) battery, characterized by energy-rich redox chemistry of Li stripping/plating and oxygen conversion, emerges as a promising "beyond Li-ion" strategy. In view of the superior …
Solids electrolytes are key components for all-solid-state lithium-air battery. Advantages of using solids electrolytes to improve the battery performance are the following: …
However, the challenging issues of developing Li–air battery-oriented solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) with high ionic conductivity, interfacial compatibility, and stability to boost …
A lithium–air battery with a specific energy density of higher than 500 Wh/kg should be developed in a system with a specific areal capacity of higher than 10 mAh cm −2. …
However, the challenging issues of developing Li–air battery-oriented solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) with high ionic conductivity, interfacial compatibility, and stability to boost reversibility, increase stable triple-phase …
In contrast to the extensive investigation of the cathode (electro)chemistry, in-depth studies of lithium metal anode in nonaqueous lithium–air battery are relatively scarce. In many …
Li–air(O 2) battery, characterized by energy-rich redox chemistry of Li stripping/plating and oxygen conversion, emerges as a promising "beyond Li-ion" strategy. In view of the superior stability and inherent safety, a solid-state …
With $1.5 million from the U.S. Department of Energy''s Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E), Xianglin Li, associate professor of mechanical engineering …
Various defects can occur during the production of electrodes for LIBs. In the following, the most important defects and typical causes are briefly described. The types of …