Global Organization
One delayed explosion battery ESS incident is particularly noteworthy because the severe firefighter injuries and unusual circumstances in this incident were widely reported (Renewable Energy World, 2019).
We believed that the occurrence of a negative pressure zone could mainly be attributed to the consumption of oxygen during the explosion. Therefore, the P−max can reflect the amount of consumed oxygen and further represents the number of flammable gases released during the explosion.
The maximum pressure values of physical explosion were 0.071 and 0.250 MPa in 0.5C and 2C overcharge tests, respectively. So we can conclude that the physical explosion was much milder than chemical explosion during thermal runaway. The maximum pressure sensor number (PN max) was not the same due to the uncertain impact direction of the explosion.
This incident occurred at the Arizona Public Service (APS, 2019) McMicken Energy Storage Unit facility in Surprise, Arizona, 28 miles northwest of Phoenix. As shown in Fig. 3, the facility is adjacent to an APS substation. It is a 2 MW, 2 MWh facility with 27 racks, each containing 392 Li-ion Nickel–Manganese–Cobalt pouch cells (DNV GL, 2020).
The thermal runaway gas explosion scenarios, which can be initiated by various electrical faults, can be either prompt ignitions soon after a large flammable gas mixture is formed, or delayed ignitions associated with late entry of air and/or loss of gaseous fire suppression agent.
On the other hand, Chinese standard GB 38031–2020 states that the battery system should not catch fire or explode within 5 min after thermal runaway occurs, and the same requirement is also proposed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) .
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