At the heart of this container lies the Power Conversion System, which acts as the bridge between the DC (direct current) output of the batteries and the AC (alternating current) required for integration with the grid.
The average of the adjusted EV pack costs was $ 256/kWh. The weighted average of the storage and adjusted EV battery cost was $ 271/kWh. Using the PCS, BOP, and C&C costs, the lithium-ion battery system cost for 2018 was estimated to be $ 469/kWh. 5.2.2. Fixed and Variable O&M Costs and Performance Metrics
Aquino et al. (2017b) estimated the battery cost to be in the $ 200– $ 500/kWh range, while also reporting BOP and C&C costs [ 82 ]. The lower end of the cost was in the $ 120– $ 180/kWh range [ 10, 83, 84 ], with usable energy content as low as 50% of rated energy [ 83 ]. Capital cost of $ 260/kWh was assumed for this work. Table 15.
Capital cost estimates—lithium-ion technology. Many of the sources identified for estimating costs provided costs as total project averages rather than broken down to estimate the costs of different components of the batteries. The average installed cost was $ 932/kWh, significantly higher than the Damato (2017) estimates [ 60 ].
Damato (2017) estimated an installed cost of $ 335– $ 530/kWh, which includes the PCS, grid integration and equipment, tax, fees, and General and Administrative (G&A) costs [ 60 ]. For a representative 4-h case, the DC battery cost was 60 percent of total installed cost. Using this multiple, the DC battery cost was estimated. Table 11.
The PCS cost was in the $ 580– $ 870/kW range, while the costs for lithium-ion was twice as low [ 11 ]. For this work, a PCS cost range of $ 230– $ 470/kW was used for 2018, because there is no compelling reason to assume PCS costs will not reach a balance across all DC battery technologies.
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