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It is worth considering the early warning system design of LIBs. 2.2.3. Thermal Runaway Force Performance Changes of Lithium-Ion Batteries In the initial stage of TR, the battery first increases the internal pressure due to gas generation.
Gas fire extinguishing agents have the advantages of no residue, environmental friendliness, and no damage to equipment. At present, the gas fire extinguishing agents for battery fires mainly include halon, carbon dioxide, heptafluoropropane, dodeca-fluoro-2-methylpentan-3-one, and 2-BTP new gas fire extinguishing agents.
Physical mechanism mainly refers to isolation, cooling, and asphyxiation. It forms an isolation layer by covering the solid powder on the surface of the combustibles, thus weakening flame combustion.
At present, the monitoring technologies that have been widely studied mainly include infrared thermal imaging, thermocouple, and optical fiber sensor. Battery temperatures can also be measured based on electrochemical parameters, which are reviewed in the next section.
The results of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Computed Tomography (CT) scan, and cycle test indicated that the sensor had little influence on the electrochemical performance of the battery. The results showed that the temperature difference between inside and outside the discharge stage was up to 6 °C.
The root cause of many LIB accidents is that one of the batteries had an ISC, which causes the TR to spread among the batteries even in the battery pack. Therefore, the ISC of LIBs is an early sign of impending TR. The research of Zhong et al. showed that the time difference between voltage drop and TR of 18,650 ternary LIBs was 127–409 s.
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Through the built-in sensors, the internal temperature, pressure, and gas signals of the battery can be obtained, and the battery management system can provide better intelligent management and early warning of TR.
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