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The fundamental difference between nickel-based batteries and electrochemical capacitors is that the redox reactions in batteries occur in the bulk phase; while the energy stored in supercapacitors is mainly due to the surface-involved processes. This disparity leads to the different theoretical limits of the stored energy.
The nickel–iron battery was invented by Waldemar Jungner and Thomas Edison in 1899–1902 and fully developed over the past century 9, 10. With NiO (OH) as the cathode and Fe as the anode, a typical Ni–Fe battery is able to deliver specific gravimetric energy of ~30–50 Wh kg −1 and power of ~3–50 W kg −1 (refs 9, 10).
A graphical overview of numerous papers published on the nickel-based supercapacitors is shown in Fig. 4. The data are retrieved from the Google scholar database. Most of these papers demonstrate that the achievable capacitance is around 500–2500 F g −1 (250–1250 C g −1).
These features suggest a new generation of Ni–Fe batteries as novel devices for electrochemical energy storage. Fast rechargeable batteries made from low-cost and abundant electrode materials are attractive for energy storage.
The intrinsic difference between batteries and supercapacitors refers to the free energy: an ideal battery has a single-value free energy, whereas supercapacitor theoretically exhibits a continuous change in the free energy according to the degree of material conversion or extent of the charge possessed , .
The terminology of “supercapattery” is even used in some reports , . Hundreds of papers related to the nickel-based materials consider them as supercapacitor-type materials. Noteworthy, it is still under debate on the capacitive behavior of nickel-based materials.
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The fundamental difference between nickel-based batteries and electrochemical capacitors is that the redox reactions in batteries occur in the bulk phase; while the energy …
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A team of chemists at Stanford have created a nickel-iron battery prototype that can charge and discharge in seconds using carbon nanostructures. Usually, a nickel-iron …